ANNUAL SURVEY OF INDUSTRIES 2003-04 (PART I & PART II)
EMPLOYMENT
Data on salient features of labour force deployed in the organised manufacturing industries during the year 2003-04 has been presented in this chapter. These include presentation of employment by industries, States, category of workers, establishment size; employment through contractors and mandays worked in the Public, Joint and the Private Sectors.
4.1 Total Work Force
The state-wise and industry-wise break-up of employment during the year 2003-04 has been presented in the Tables 4.1.1 and 4.1.2, respectively. The employment figures include workers employed directly by the employers or engaged through contractors. The average daily employment of the workers has been worked out as the ratio of mandays worked to the number of working days at the unit level. During the year 2003-04, the total labour force in the manufacturing establishments has been estimated to be about 6 million. Female workers constituted 14.70 per cent, while children constituted just 0.01 per cent of the total work force in the manufacturing industries.
4.2 Employment in States
It may be seen from the Table 4.1.1 that just five States, viz., Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh accounted for about 56 per cent of the total employment during the year 2003-04. Tamil Nadu accounted for the highest employment share of 15.57 per cent, followed by Maharashtra (12.72 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (11.87 per cent), Gujarat (8.84 per cent) and Uttar Pradesh (7.22 per cent). On the other hand, four States/Union Territories, viz. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland, accounted for less than 0.05 per cent employment. In terms of sectors, the majority of workers was reported in Private Sector (90.91 per cent), followed by Public Sector (4.67 per cent) and Joint Sector (4.41 per cent).
The highest percentage share of employment of women workers in the directly employed workers was reported at 59.59 per cent in Kerala, followed by Manipur (37.89 per cent), Tamil Nadu (35.08 per cent) and Karnataka (34.84 per cent). Interestingly, Kerela is the only State, where the share of the women workforce is significantly higher than that of their male counterpart. Out of 31 States/Union Territories, only five States/Union Territories reported percentage of women workers more than that at the national level (14.70 per cent).
Employment of children was reported only in 8 States, viz., Assam, Kerala, Punjab, Uttanchal, Dader & Nagar Haveli, Bihar, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
4.3 Employment in Industries
From the Table 4.1.2, it is observed that out of 63 industry groups, just 7 industry groups accounted for more than 50 per cent of the employment in the Manufacturing industries. The highest contribution to the total employment was observed at 13.60 per cent in the industry group ‘171–Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles’ followed by industry groups ‘154–Manufacture of other food products’ (8.84 per cent), ‘160–Manufacture of tobacco products’ (7.48 per cent), ‘242-Manufacture of other chemical products’ (5.69 per cent), ‘181-Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel’ (5.37 per cent), ‘269-Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products n.e.c.’ (5.32 per cent) and ‘271-Manufacture of basic iron and steel’ (4.41 per cent). Four industry groups, viz., ‘371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap’, ‘372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap’ and ‘182-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacturing of article of fur’ contributed 0.01 per cent or less employment in the manufacturing establishments.
The highest percentage of women workers under the directly employed category of workers was reported at 55.53 per cent in industry group ‘181-Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel’. Other significant contribution in employment of women workers was reported in industry groups ‘154-Manufacture of other food products’ (34.74 per cent) and ‘333-Manufacture of watches and clocks’ (32.05 per cent).
Employment of children was reported only in nine industry groups. The highest contribution in employment of child workers was reported at 0.68 per cent in the industry group ‘201-Saw milling and planing of wood’.
4.4 Employment in States by Sectors
Table 4.1.1 represents sector-wise and category wise employment during the year 2003-04. At all India level, Private Sector, Public Sector and Joint Sector accounted for about 90.91 per cent, 4.67 per cent and 4.41 per cent of the total workers, respectively.
At the State level, Private Sector was the major source of employment of workers in all the States. The contribution of the Private Sector in employment of workers was highest at 100 per cent in Dader & Nagar Haveli, followed by Daman & Diu (99.83 per cent) and Delhi (99.46 per cent), whereas it was lowest at 45.71 per cent in Jharkhand. The contribution of Private Sector to the total employment was more than 80 per cent in 26 States/Union Territories. The contribution of the Public Sector in employment of workers was highest at 38.68 per cent in Jharkhand followed by Chhattisgarh (27.25 per cent), whereas it was less than 1 per cent in Delhi, Manipur, Tripura, Gujarat and Goa. The share of the Joint Sector in total employment of workers was recorded highest at 44.28 per cent in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, followed by Uttaranchal (30.55 per cent) and Orissa (26.12 per cent), whereas it was less than 1 per cent in States/Union Territories of Chandigarh, Daman & Diu, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir and Nagaland.
4.5 Employment in Industries by Sectors
It may be seen from Table 4.1.2 that out of a total of 63 industry groups, Private Sector made a significant contribution by providing more than 80 per cent employment opportunities to workers in 53 industry groups. Contribution of Private Sector in providing employment in respective industry group was almost 100 per cent in 2 industry groups, viz., ‘182-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of articles of fur’ and ‘223-Reproduction of recorded media’. Contribution of Private Sector in providing employment was more than 99 per cent in 15 industry groups. The lowest contribution of the Private Sector in providing employment of workers was reported at 30.44 per cent in industry group ‘232-Manufacture of refined petroleum products’.
The contribution of Public Sector in employment generation was highest at 52.70 per cent in industry group ‘353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft’, followed by industry groups ‘231-Manufacture of coke oven products’ (44.73 per cent), ‘271-Manufactur of basic iron and steel’ (33.81 per cent) and ‘352-Manufacture of railway and tramway locomotives and rolling stock’ (30.06 per cent), whereas it was less than 1 per cent in 16 industry groups.
The contribution of Joint Sector in employment generation among industries was highest at 44.09 per cent in industry group ‘232-Manufacture of refined petroleum products’, followed by industry group ‘152-Manufacture of dairy product’ (31.43 per cent), whereas it was less than 1 per cent in 15 industry groups.
4.6 Employment of Contract Workers by States
Sector-wise employment of contract workers in different States is given in Table 4.2.1. It is observed that at all India level, about 24.57 per cent of the total workers were employed through contractors. The practice of employing workers through contractors was more prevalent in the Private Sector, where 25.48 per cent of the workers were employed through contractors. The percentage of contract workers was 18.94 per cent and 12.29 per cent in Joint and Public Sectors, respectively.
Among States, out of the total employment in the respective State/Union Territories, Nagaland employed highest percentage of contract workers (57.81) per cent) followed by Andhra Pradesh (49.83 per cent), Tripura (48.95 per cent) and Bihar (48.51 per cent). The lowest percentage of contract workers was employed in Manipur (0.73 per cent) followed by Delhi (4.94 per cent), Chandigarh (5.39 per cent) and Kerala (5.81 per cent).
It is further observed that out of total contract workers employed, about 94.26 per cent of the contract workers were employed in the Private Sector alone. Public Sector and Joint Sector employed 2.34 per cent and 3.40 per cent of the contract workers, respectively. More than 80 per cent of the contract workers were employed in Private Sector in 25 out of 31 States/Union Territories.
4.7 Employment of Contract Workers by Industries
Industry-wise employment of contract workers is prescribed in Table 4.2.2. It is observed that the percentage of contract workers to total workers in respective industry groups was highest at 72.88 per cent in the industry group ’372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap’, followed by industry groups ’142-Mining and quarrying n.e.c.’ (69.08 per cent), ‘160-Manufacture of the tobacco products’ (61.20 per cent), ’342-Manufacture of bodies for motor vehicles; manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers’ (55.23 per cent) and ‘151-Production, processing and preservation of meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, oils and facts’ (48.96 per cent). The lowest percentage of contract workers was reported at 2.49 per cent in industry group ‘353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft’.
4.8 Mandays Worked by Sectors
State-wise and industry-wise statistics of the total number of mandays worked during the year 2003-04 by sectors and category of workers are presented in Tables 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, respectively. The mandays worked have been obtained by summing up the attendance of all workers working in each shift on all working days for both manufacturing and non-manufacturing working days.
It is observed that all the workers together worked a total of 1840.99 million mandays during the year 2003-04. At all India level, mandays worked in the Private Sector accounted for 90.29 per cent of the total mandays worked by workers. The Public Sector contributed only 5.03 per cent of the mandays worked, while the remaining 4.68 per cent of the mandays were worked in Joint Sector.
4.9 Mandays Worked by States
Among States, Tamil Nadu accounted for the highest share (15.77 per cent) of total mandays worked by workers in manufacturing industries, followed by Maharashtra (13.19 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (11.80 per cent) and Gujarat (8.96 per cent). Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and Andaman & Nicobar Islands contributed less than 0.05 per cent mandays worked to total mandays worked by workers in the manufacturing industries.
4.10 Mandays Worked by Industries
Among Industries, the industry group ‘171-Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles’ accounted for the highest share of 14.77 per cent mandays worked to the total mandays worked in the manufacturing industries. Other major contributing industry groups in mandays worked were ‘154-Manufacture of other food products’ (7.62 per cent) and ‘160-Manufacture of the tobacco products’, (7.28 per cent). Four industry groups, viz., ‘182-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of article of fur’, ‘223-Reproduction of recorded media’, ‘371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap’ and ‘372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap’ accounted for less than 0.05 per cent of the total mandays worked by workers in the Manufacturing industries.
4.11 Mandays Worked by Contract Workers
Table 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 gives details of mandays worked by contract workers by States and industries, respectively. The contract workers worked at total of 448.71 million mandays out of 1840.99 mandays worked by all workers. Other characteristics of mandays worked by contract workers are similar to that of employment figures of the contract workers already analysed earlier.
4.12 Mandays Paid For
Details of mandays paid for by State and industries are furnished in Table 4.5.1 and 4.5.2, respectively. The employers paid for about 1997.05 million mandays as against 1840.99 mandays actually worked by workers in the manufacturing industries. Other characteristics of mandays paid for are similar to that of mandays worked already analysed earlier.
4.13 Reporting Factories
Details of number of reporting factories, factories employing contract and child workers, etc., by States and industries are furnished in Tables 4.6.1 and 4.6.2, respectively. A total of about 1.26 lakh units were reported under the manufacturing industries. Out of these, 21.70 per cent factories reported to have employed contract workers. The percentage of factories employing contract workers was reported at 33.45 per cent in Joint Sector, 28.57 per cent in Public Sector and 21.46 per cent in Private Sector. Only 31 factories (0.02 per cent) reported to have employed the child workers in their establishments.
At the State level, 50.46 per cent factories in Nagaland, 45.23 per cent factories in Tripura and 41.30 per cent factories in Meghalaya reported to have employed contract workers. Under Joint Sector, cent per cent factories each in Jammu & Kashmir and Chandigarh, 71.43 per cent factories in Himachal Pradessh and 66.67 per cent factories in Goa reported to have employed the contract workers. Under Public Sector, 83.78 per cent factories in Chhattisgarh, 56.67 per cent factories in Haryana and 54.00 per cent factories in Rajasthan reported to have employed the contract workers. Under Private Sector, 51.40 per cent factories in Nagaland, 45.57 per cent factories in Tripura and 41.86 per cent factories in Meghalaya reported to have employed the contract workers.
At the industry level, under Public Sector, cent per cent factories in industry group ‘142-Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.’ reported to have employed the contract workers. Under Joint Sector, the employment of contract workers was reported in cent per cent factories in 6 industry groups. These industries are ‘142-Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.’, ‘191-Tanning and dressing of leather, manufacture of luggage handbags, saddlery & harness’, ‘243-Manufacture of man-made fibre’, ’315-Manufacturee of electric lamps and lighting equipment’, ’319-Manufacture of other electrical equipment n.e.c.’ and ‘333-Manufacture of watches and clocks’. Under Private Sector, at least 50 per cent factories in two industry groups, viz. ‘142-Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.’ and ‘372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap’ reported to have employed the contract workers.