CHAPTER-IV

EMPLOYMENT 

Data on salient features of labour force deployed in the organised manufacturing industries in Census Sector during the year 2001-2002 has been presented in this chapter. These include presentation of employment by industries, employment by states, employment through contractors and mandays worked in the Public, Joint and the Private Sectors. 

4.1     Total Work Force 

     The state-wise and industry-wise break-up of employment during the year 2001-2002 has been presented in the Tables 4.1.1 and 4.1.2, respectively. The employment figures include workers employed directly by the employers or engaged through contractors. The average daily employment of workers has been worked out as the ratio of mandays worked to the number of working days at the unit level.  During the year 2001-2002 in India, the total labour force in the Census Sector establishments has been estimated to be about 3.54 millions.  Female workers constituted 15.82 percent, while children constituted just 0.01 percent of the total work force in the Census Sector. 

4.2     Employment in States 

     It may be seen from the Table 4.1.1 that just five states viz., Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil-Nadu, West Bengal and Gujarat account for 56.72 percent of the total employment in Census Sector of factory sector during the year 2001-2002.  Maharashtra accounted for the highest employment share (14.25 percent) followed by Andhra Pradesh (13.44 percent), Tamil Nadu (12.99 percent), West Bengal (8.99 percent) and Gujarat (7.05 percent). On the other hand, the lowest contribution in employment was reported from Andaman & Nicobar Islands (0.02 percent) followed by Manipur (0.03 percent), Meghalaya (0.04 percent) and Nagaland (0.06 percent). 

The highest percentage share of employment of women workers was reported in Kerala (62.82 percent) followed by Karnataka (36.38 percent), Tamil Nadu (35.28 percent) and Manipur (35.08 percent). Out of 31 States/Union Territories, only eight States/Union Territories reported employment of women workers more than the percentage of women workers at the national level (15.82 percent).  Employment of children was reported only in three states, viz., Assam (0.22 percent), Karnataka (0.02 percent) and Gujarat (less than 0.01 percent).  

4.3     Employment in Industries 

From the Table 4.1.2, it is observed that out of 62 industry groups, just five industry group accounted for more than 50 percent of the employment in the Census Sector. The highest contribution to the total employment was observed in the industry group ‘171–Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles’ (17.98 percent) followed by industry groups ’160–Manufacture of tobacco products’ (11.66 percent) and ‘154–Manufacture of other food products’ (11.53 percent). The lowest contribution of 0.01 percent employment in total employment was however, reported each in three in industry groups ‘371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap', '201-Saw milling and planning of wood' and '223-Reproduction of recorded media'. 

The highest percentage of women workers was reported in industry group '181-Manufacture of wearing apparel except fur apparel' (63.73 percent), followed by industry groups ‘223-Reproduction of recorded media’ (56.16 percent) and '192-Manufacture of foot wear' (39.10 percent). Employment of children was reported only in two industry groups, viz., '154-Manufacture of other food products' (0.04 percent), and '181-Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel' (less than 0.01 percent).  

4.4     Employment in Sectors by States    

Table 4.1.1 represents sector-wise and category wise employment in 2001-2002. At all India level, Private Sector, Public Sector and Joint Sector accounted for about 82.44 percent, 10.59 percent and 6.98 percent of the total employment, respectively.  At the state level, Private Sector was the major source of employment as its contribution to the total employment in states varied from a minimum of 33.68 percent in Jharkhand to a maximum of 100.00 percent in Daman & Diu.  The contribution of the Public Sector ranged from a mere 0.20 percent of total employment in Manipur to as much as 45.01 percent in Chhattisgarh. Among states, the share of the Joint Sector in total employment in respective states ranged between the highest of 26.55 percent in Jharkhand and lowest of 0.10 percent in Pondicherry. 

4.5     Employment in Sectors by Industries 

It may be seen from Table 4.1.2 that out of a total of 62 industry groups, Private Sector made a significant contribution by providing more than 50 percent employment opportunities in 54 industry groups. Contribution of Private Sector in providing employment in respective industry group ranged between a minimum of 21.36 percent in industry group '353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft' to a maximum of 100.00 percent in atleast 6 industry groups, viz., '142-Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.', ‘182-Dressing and dyeing of fur, manufacture of articles of fur’, ‘223-Reproduction of recorded media', '314-Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries', '342-Manufacture of bodies for motor vehicles, etc.' and '371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap'. 

The contribution of Public Sector in employment generation ranged between the highest of 78.46 percent in industry group ‘353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft’ and a lowest of 0.04 percent in industry group ‘369-Manufacturing n.e.c.'.  The other three industry groups in which the contribution of Public Sector to employment generation was more than 50 percent were ‘231–Manufacture of coke oven products’ (75.82 percent), ‘351-Building and repair of ships  & boats’ (60.19 percent) and ‘271–Manufacture of basic iron and steel’ (52.55 percent). The contribution of Joint Sector in employment generation among industries ranged between a highest of 39.75 percent in industry group ‘232-Manufacture of refined petroleum products' and a minimum of 0.03 percent in industry group ‘251-Manufacture of rubber products'.   

4.6     Employment of Contract Workers by States 

Sector-wise employment of contract workers in different states is given in Table 4.2.1.  It is observed that at all India level, about 21.48 percent of the total workers were employed through contractors.  The practice of employing workers through contractors was more prevalent in the Private Sector, where 23.22 percent of the workers were employed through contractors. In Public Sector only 10.36 percent workers were employed through contractors, while in Joint Sector, 17.84 percent of the workers were employed through contractors. Among States, out of the total employment in the respective State/Union Territories, Tripura employed highest percentage of contract workers (67.74 percent) followed by Andhra Pradesh (57.46 percent) and Meghalaya (50.47 percent).  The lowest percentage of contract workers was employed in Manipur (0.30 percent) followed by Kerala (4.25 percent). 

It is further observed that out of total contract workers employed in Census Sector, about 89.10 percent of the contract workers were employed in the Private Sector alone. Public and Joint Sectors employed 5.11 percent and 5.80 percent contract workers, respectively. More than 90 percent contract workers were employed in Private Sector in 13 out of 31 States/Union Territories. 

4.7     Employment of Contract Workers by Industries 

Industry-wise employment of contract workers is prescribed in Table 4.2.2. It is observed that the percentage of contract workers to total workers in respective industry groups was highest at 66.06 percent in the industry group ’142-Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.', followed by industry groups ’160-Manufacture of tobacco products’ (61.54 percent), ‘371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap' (55.05 percent) and '151-Production, processing & preservation of meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, oils and fats' (51.06 percent). The lowest percentage of contract workers was reported in industry group ‘353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft' at 2.11 percent. 

4.8     Mandays Worked by Sectors 

     State-wise and Industry-wise statistics of the total number of mandays worked, separately, in Public, Joint and Private Sectors and the percentage of mandays worked by contract workers during the year 2001-2002 are presented in Tables 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, respectively. The mandays worked have been obtained by summing up the attendance of all workers working in each shift on all working days for both manufacturing and non-manufacturing working days. It is observed that all the workers together worked a total of 1111.79 million mandays during the year 2001-2002 in Census Sector. At all India level, mandays worked in the Private Sector accounted for 81.91 percent of the total mandays worked.  The Joint Sector contributed 7.33 percent of the mandays worked only, while the remaining 10.76 percent of the mandays were worked in Public Sector. 

4.9     Mandays Worked by States 

Among States, Maharashtra accounted for the highest percentage (14.94 percent) of mandays worked in the total mandays worked in Census Sector, followed by Andhra Pradesh (13.12 percent), Tamil Nadu (12.95 percent) and West Bengal (9.27 percent). Andaman & Nicobar Island contributed only 0.01 percent mandays worked to total mandays worked in the Census Sector.  

4.10     Mandays Worked by Industries 

    Among Industries, the industry group ‘171-Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles’ accounted for the highest share of 19.45 percent mandays worked to the total mandays worked in the Census Sector, followed by industry groups ‘160-Manufacture of tobacco products’ (11.04 percent) and '154-Manufacture of other food products' (9.80 percent). The industry groups '201-Saw milling and planning of wood’ and '371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap' accounted for the lowest percent of the mandays worked (0.01 percent) of the total mandays worked in the Census Sector.