CHAPTER-IV

EMPLOYMENT

Data on salient features of labour force deployed in the organised manufacturing industries in Census Sector during the year 2002-2003 has been presented in this chapter. These include presentation of employment by industries, States, category of workers, establishment size; employment through contractors and mandays worked in the Public, Joint and the Private Sectors.

4.1  Total Work Force

     The state-wise and industry-wise break-up of employment during the year 2002-2003 has been presented in the Tables 4.1.1 and 4.1.2, respectively. The employment figures include workers employed directly by the employers or engaged through contractors. The average daily employment of workers has been worked out as the ratio of mandays worked to the number of working days at the unit level.  During the year 2002-2003 in India, the total labour force in the Census Sector establishments has been estimated to be about 3.55 millions.  Female workers constituted 15.66 percent, while children constituted just 0.01 percent of the total work force in the Census Sector.

4.2  Employment in States

     It may be seen from the Table 4.1.1 that just five States, viz., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Gujarat account for 58.02 percent of the total employment in Census Sector during the year 2002-2003.  Maharashtra accounted for the highest employment share (14.31 percent) followed by Tamil Nadu (13.52 percent), Andhra Pradesh (13.33 percent), West Bengal (9.04 percent) and Gujarat (7.81 percent). On the other hand, the lowest contribution in employment was reported from Andaman & Nicobar Islands at 0.01 percent followed by Manipur at 0.03 percent and Meghalaya, Chandigarh & Nagaland each 0.06 percent.  In terms of sectors, the maximum percentage of workers was reported in Private Sector (84.4 percent) followed by Public Sector (8.67 percent) and Joint Sector (6.93 percent).

The highest percentage share of employment of women workers in the directly employed workers was reported in Kerala (64.89 percent) followed by Manipur (39.03 percent), Karnataka (37.76 percent) and Tamil Nadu (36.27 percent). Interestingly, Kerela is the only State, where the women workforce is significantly higher (more than double) than their male counterpart. Out of 31 States/Union Territories, only six States/Union Territories reported employment of women workers more than the percentage of women workers at the national level (15.66 percent).  Employment of children was reported only in 8 States, viz., Assam (0.36 percent), Delhi (0.06 percent), Madhya Pradesh (0.05 percent), Kerala (0.03 percent), Punjab & Rajasthan (each 0.01 percent) and Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu (each less than 0.01).

4.3  Employment in Industries

From the Table 4.1.2, it is observed that out of 62 industry groups, just five industry group accounted for almost 53 percent of the employment in the Census Sector. The highest contribution to the total employment was observed in the industry group ‘171–Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles’ (18.28 percent) followed by industry groups ’160–Manufacture of tobacco products’ (11.55 percent), ‘154–Manufacture of other food products’ (11.34 percent), '181-Manufacture of weaving apparel, except fur apparel' (5.89 percent) and '271-Manufacture of basic iron & steel' (5.64 percent). Four industry groups, viz., '372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap', ‘201-Saw milling and planing of wood', ‘182-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacturing of article of fur’ and '371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap' contributed less than 0.01 percent employment in the Census Sector establishment.

The highest percentage of women workers, in the directly employed category of workers was reported at 63.23 percent in industry group '181-Manufacture of wearing apparel except fur apparel'. Other significant contribution in employment of women workers was reported in industry groups ‘192-Manufacture of footwear’, (31.83 percent) and '323-Manufacture of television and radio receivers, sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus, and associated goods' (30.86 percent). Employment of children was reported only in six industry groups. The highest contribution in employment of child workers was reported in the industry group '361-Manufacture of furniture' (0.07 percent), followed by industry groups '154-Manufacture of other food products' (0.06 percent) and ‘173-Manufacture of knitted and crocheted fabrics and articles' (0.04 percent).

4.4  Employment in Sectors by States

Table 4.1.1 represents sector-wise and category wise employment in 2002-2003. At all India level, Private Sector, Public Sector and Joint Sector accounted for about 84.40 percent, 8.67 percent and 6.93 percent of the total workers, respectively.  At the State level, Private Sector was the major source of employment as its contribution to the total employment in States varied from a minimum of 32.32 percent in Jharkhand to a maximum of 100.00 percent in Daman & Diu.  The contribution of the Public Sector ranged from a mere 0.19 percent of total workers in Manipur to as much as 48.54 percent in Chhattisgarh. Interestingly, Chhattisgarh is the only state where the contribution of Public Sector in employment workers is more than that by the Private Sector.  Among States, the share of the Joint Sector in total employment of workers ranged between the highest of 40.09 percent in Orissa and lowest of 0.09 percent in Nagaland.

4.5  Employment in Sectors by Industries

It may be seen from Table 4.1.2 that out of a total of 62 industry groups, Private Sector made a significant contribution by providing more than 50 percent employment opportunities to workers in 56 industry groups. Contribution of Private Sector in providing employment in respective industry group ranged between a minimum of 16.00 percent in industry group '353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft' to a maximum of 100.00 percent in atleast 9 industry groups, viz.,  '142-Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.', ‘173-Manufacture of  knitted and crocheted fabrics and articles’, ’191-Tanning and dressing of leather, manufacture of luggage handbags, saddlery and harness’, ‘201-Saw milling and planing of wood’, ‘223-Reproduction of recorded media', '314-Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries', '342-Manufacture of bodies for motor vehicles, etc.', ‘369-Manufacturing of n.e.c.’ and '372- Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap’.

The contribution of Public Sector in employment generation ranged between the highest of 84.00 percent in industry group ‘353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft’ and a lowest of 0.13 percent in industry group ‘181-Manufacturing of wearing apparel, except fur apparel'.  The other two industry groups in which the contribution of Public Sector to employment generation was more than 50 percent were ‘231–Manufacture of coke oven products’ (74.28 percent) and ‘351-Building and repair of ships  & boats’ (57.60 percent).  The industry group '271-Manufacture of basic iron & steel' under the Public Sector contributed 49.03 percent of workers under the industry.

The contribution of Joint Sector in employment generation among industries ranged between a highest of 43.11 percent in industry group ‘232-Manufacture of refined petroleum products' and a minimum of 0.05 percent in industry group ‘181-Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel'.

4.6  Employment of Contract Workers by States

Sector-wise employment of contract workers in different States is given in Table 4.2.1.  It is observed that at all India level, about 23.13 percent of the total workers were employed through contractors.  The practice of employing workers through contractors was more prevalent in the Private Sector, where 24.84 percent of the workers were employed through contractors. In Public Sector only 11.75 percent workers were employed through contractors, while in Joint Sector, 16.62 percent of the workers were employed through contractors.

Among States, out of the total employment in the respective State/Union Territories, Tripura employed highest percentage of contract workers (74.39) percent) followed by Andhra Pradesh (57.15 percent) and Nagaland (53.82 percent).  The lowest percentage of contract workers was employed in Manipur (0.57 percent) followed by Kerala (4.17 percent). No contract worker was employed in the Union Territories of Chandigarh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands in Census Sector manufacturing industries.

It is further observed that out of total contract workers employed in Census Sector, about 90.62 percent of the contract workers were employed in the Private Sector alone. Public Sector and Joint Sector employed 4.40 percent and 4.98 percent of the contract workers, respectively. More than 70 percent of the contract workers were employed in Private Sector in 25 out of 31 States/Union Territories.

4.7  Employment of Contract Workers by Industries

Industry-wise employment of contract workers is prescribed in Table 4.2.2. It is observed that the percentage of contract workers to total workers in respective industry groups was highest at 100.00 percent in the industry group ’372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap', followed by industry groups ’142-Mining and quarrying n.e.c.’ (76.82 percent), ‘160-Manufacture of the tobacco products' (62.07 percent), ’342-Manufacture of bodies for motor vehicles, etc.' (56.70 percent) and '151-Production, processing and preservation of meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, oils and facts' (53.38 percent).  The lowest percentage of contract workers was reported in industry group ‘332-Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment' at 1.34 percent. No contract worker was employed in the industry group '353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft' in Census Sector manufacturing industries.

4.8  Mandays Worked by Sectors

     State-wise and industry-wise statistics of the total number of mandays worked, separately, in Public, Joint and Private Sectors and the percentage of mandays worked by contract workers during the year 2002-2003 are presented in Tables 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, respectively. The mandays worked have been obtained by summing up the attendance of all workers working in each shift on all working days for both manufacturing and non-manufacturing working days. It is observed that all the workers together worked a total of 1122.62 million mandays during the year 2002-2003 in Census Sector. At all India level, mandays worked in the Private Sector accounted for 83.57 percent of the total mandays worked by workers.  The Joint Sector contributed only 7.27 percent of the mandays worked, while the remaining 9.16 percent of the mandays were worked in Public Sector.

4.9  Mandays Worked by States

Among States, Maharashtra accounted for the highest percentage (14.81 percent) of mandays worked in Census Sector, followed by Tamil Nadu (13.50 percent), Andhra Pradesh (13.00 percent) and West Bengal (9.25 percent). Andaman & Nicobar Islands contributed only 0.01 percent mandays worked to total mandays worked by workers in the Census Sector.

4.10 Mandays Worked by Industries

     Among Industries, the industry group ‘171-Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles’ accounted for the highest share of 19.51 percent mandays worked to the total mandays worked in the Census Sector. Other major contributing industry groups in mandays worked were ‘160-Manufacture of the tobacco products’ (10.93 percent) and '154-Manufacture of other food products' (9.95 percent). Three industry groups, viz., ‘182-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of article of fur’, '201-Saw milling and planing of wood’ and ‘372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap' accounted for less than 0.01 percent of the mandays worked by workers in the Census Sector.

4.11    Mandays Worked by Contract Workers

Table 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 gives details of mandays worked by contract workers by States and industries, respectively. Characteristics of mandays worked by contract workers are similar to that of employment figures of the contract workers already analysed earlier.

4.12    Mandays Paid For

Details of mandays paid for by State and industries are furnished in Table 4.5.1 and 4.5.2, respectively. The employers paid for about 1124.79 million mandays as against 1122.62 mandays actually worked by workers in the Census Sector manufacturing industries. Other characteristics of mandays paid for are similar to that of mandays worked already analysed earlier.

4.13    Reporting Factories

Details of number of reporting factories, factories employing contract and child workers, etc. by States and industries are furnished in Tables 4.6.1 and 4.6.2, respectively. A total of 13696 units were reported under the Census Sector manufacturing industries. Out of these, a total of 4960 factories reported to have employed contract workers. Only 19 factories reported to have employed the child workers in their establishments. At all India level, 36.21 percent factories reported to have employed contract workers. The percentage of factories employing contract workers was reported at 46.27 percent in Joint Sector, 35.92 percent in Private Sector and 33.08 percent in Private Sector.

At the State level, 75.46 percent factories in Chhattisgarh, 63.04 percent factories in Tripura and 62.50 percent factories in Uttaranchal reported to have employed contract workers. Under Public Sector, 100 percent factories in Dadra & Nagar Haveli and 98.33 percent factories in Chhattisgarh reported to have employed the contract workers. Under Joint Sector, 100 percent factories in Goa and 75.00 percent factories in Chhattisgarh reported to have employed the contract workers. Under Private Sector, 67.57 percent factories in Uttanchal reported to have employed the contract workers.

At the industry level, 100 percent factories in the industry group '372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap' reported to have employed the contract workers. Under Public Sector, 100 percent factories in industry group '272-Manufactur of basic precious and non-ferrous metals' reported to have employed the contract workers. Under Joint Sector, 100 percent factories in 5 industry groups, viz., '182-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of articles of fur', '243-Manufacture of man-made fibre', '252-Manufacture of plastic products', '293-Manufacture of domestic appliances, n.e.c.' and '333-Manufacture of watches and clocks' reported to have employed the contract workers. Under Private Sector, 100 percent factories in two industry groups '371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap' and '372-Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap' reported to have employed the contract workers.