OCCUPATIONAL WAGE SURVEY SIXTH ROUND 2008 REPORT ON TEN
ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES
CHAPTER - II
STRUCTURE OF WORK FORCE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Composition of the work force in an industry varies widely with the nature of its activity, geographical location, operations involved, level of technology available, social and economic conditions of the people and last but not the least by the Government policies, etc. Variations in these factors account for the change in the composition of the work force not only from one sector to another but also from region to region within the sector. The legislative policies of the Government also influence the composition of working force.
2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF WORK-FORCE BY SEX AND AGE
The composition of workforce by sex and age has been presented in Table 2.1. As per the results of the survey the total work force in all the Ten Engineering industries has been estimated to be about 3.58 lakh. Of the total employment the highest proportion of workers i.e. 38.70 per cent was employed in Motor Vehicles, followed by 28.77 per cent in Motor Cycles/Scooters, whereas, 32.53 per cent workers were employed in the remaining eight engineering industries. Men workers constituted 92.35 per cent of the total work force, whereas the remaining 7.65 per cent were women. None of the Ten Engineering industries reported employment of adolescents or children during the survey.
Amongst the Ten different Engineering industries, all the workers in Aircrafts industry were men whereas in Locomotives industry ranked second in terms of employment of men workers with 99.78 per cent. The lowest proportion of men workers i.e. 70.44 per cent was reported in Computer industry. The proportion of women workers was the highest i.e. 29.56 per cent in Computer industry, followed by 24.07 per cent in Watches & Clocks industry, 22.74 per cent in TV and Teleprinters industry, whereas, no women worker was employed in Aircrafts industry, and only 0.22 per cent workers in Locomotives, 0.31 per cent in Ship Building and 0.81 per cent workers in Refrigerators and Air-conditioners industry were women.
2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF WORK-FORCE BY SYSTEM OF WAGE PAYAMENT
The distribution of workers as per the system of wage payment is shown in Table 2.2. Taking the entire Ten Engineering industries as a whole, vast majority of workers i.e. 99.46 per cent were employed by the time-rate system of wage payment and the remaining 0.54 per cent by the piece-rate system of wage payment. At the industry level where both the systems of wage payment were in vogue, the highest proportion of time-rated workers was reported at 99.82 per cent in Watches & Clocks industry, whereas the lowest was at 96.28 per cent in Bicycles and Rickshaws industry. All the workers in Ship Building, Locomotives, Aircrafts, TV and Teleprinters and Computer industry were employed by the time-rated system of wage payment. At the stratum level, among the strata where both the systems of wage payment were prevalent, the highest proportion of time-rated workers was reported at 99.54 per cent in Residual stratum of Watches & Clocks industry whereas the lowest proportion of time-rated workers i.e. 56.07 per cent was in Haryana stratum of Bicycles and Rickshaws industry. Of the industries reporting both the systems of wage payment, the highest proportion of piece-rated workers was reported at 3.72 per cent in Bicycles and Rickshaws Industry whereas the lowest was at 0.18 per cent in Watches & Clocks Industry. At the stratum level, of the strata, reporting both systems of wage payment, the highest proportion of piece-rated workers was reported at 43.93 per cent in Haryana stratum of Bicycles and Rickshaws and the lowest at 0.46 per cent in Residual stratum of Watches & Clocks industry.
2.4 DISTRIBUTION OF TIME-RATED WORKERS BY SEX AND AGE
Table 2.3 depicts the distribution of time-rated workers by sex and age. The table reveals that a vast majority of time-rated workers were men in all the Ten Engineering industries i.e. 100.00 per cent in Aircrafts, 99.78 per cent in Locomotives, 99.69 per cent in Ship Building, 99.18 per cent in Refrigerators and Air conditioners and 98.58 per cent in Motor Cycles/Scooters, 97.80 per cent in Bicycles and Rickshaws, 96.21 per cent in Motor Vehicles, 77.26 per cent in TV and Teleprinters, 75.89 per cent in Watches & Clocks and 70.44 per cent in Computers industry. The proportion of time-rated women workers was reported at the highest at 29.56 per cent in Computers industry, followed by 24.11 per cent in Watches & Clocks industry whereas no women workers were employed in Aircrafts industry. Only 0.31 per cent and 0.22 per cent time-rated women workers were reported in Ship Building, Locomotives and 22.74 per cent in TV and Teleprinters industries respectively. At the stratum level, the highest proportion of time-rated women workers was reported at 79.60 per cent in Gujarat stratum of Watches & Clocks industry.
2.5 DISTRIBUTION OF PIECE-RATED WORKERS BY SEX AND AGE
Table 2.4 presents the distribution of piece-rated workers by sex and age. The table reveals that piece-rated system was prevalent in only five Engineering Industries namely, Motor Vehicles, Motor Cycles/Scooters, Bicycles and Rickshaws, Refrigerators and Air Conditioners and Watches & Clocks industries. All of the piece-rated workers in Motor Vehicles, Bicycles and Rickshaws, Refrigerators and Air Conditioners and Watches & Clocks industries and 96.41 per cent in Motor Cycles/Scooters industry were men. Further, it has been reported that all piece-rated workers employed in Maharashtra stratum of Motor Vehicles industry, Haryana stratum of Bicycles and Rickshaws industry and Haryana and Maharashtra strata of Refrigerators and Air Conditioners and Residual stratum of Watches & Clocks industry were men. Only 3.59 per cent piece-rated workers in the Punjab stratum of Motor Cycles/Scooters industry were women.
2.6 WORK-FORCE IN MAJOR OCCUPATIONS
The distribution of workers by occupations in which two per cent or more of the work force was employed in each of the Ten Engineering industries is shown in Table 2.5. For all occupations combined, this Table covers 83.05 per cent of the work-force in all the ten Engineering Industries taken together. Taking all Ten Engineering Industries together the highest percentage of work-force i.e. 15.30 per cent was employed as 'Helper', followed by 14.77 per cent employed as 'Machine Operator/Machinist'. Assembler constituted 8.39 per cent of the total work force employed in Ten Engineering Industries. The table revealed that in Ship Building industry, 15.05 per cent of the total workers were 'Helper', followed by 'Coolie/Mazdoor' and 'Fitter' occupations with 12.30 per cent and 11.87 per cent share in the work-force respectively. In Locomotives industry, 'Helper' occupation accounted for 22.11 per cent followed by 'Welder' and 'Machine Operator/Machinist' occupations each accounting for 8.94 per cent of the total employment, respectively. In Motor Vehicles industry 'Machine Operator/Machinist' occupation reported the highest proportion of workers i.e. 23.70 per cent, followed by the 'Helper' with 12.27 per cent of the workers. In Motor Cycles/Scooters industry, 'Helper' occupation reported the highest proportion of workers i.e. 22.35 per cent, followed by the 'Assembler' occupation with 12.51 per cent and 'Coolie/Mazdoor' with 10.27 per cent of the workers. In case of Bicycles and Rickshaws industry, the highest proportion of workers was engaged in 'Helper' occupation with 24.56 per cent of the workers, followed by 'Machine Operator/Machinist' with 10.74 per cent of the total employment. In Aircrafts industry, the highest proportion of workers i.e. 20.09 per cent was engaged in 'Aircraft Erector' occupation followed by 'Machine Operator/Machinist' with 15.38 per cent and 'Mechanic (General)' with 13.68 per cent of the workers. In Refrigerators and Air Conditioners industry, the 'Helper' occupation accounted for 25.93 per cent followed by 'Assembler' with 11.61 per cent of the total employment. In TV and Teleprinters industry the 'Operator' occupation accounted for 27.05 per cent workers followed by 'Assembler' occupation with 18.14 per cent of the total workers in the industry. In Computers industry, 'Operator' occupation accounted for 31.31 per cent of the workers followed by 'Technician' occupation with 15.97 per cent of the total employment in the industry. In Watches & Clocks industry, 'Assembler' occupation accounted for 19.42 per cent of the employment followed by 'Watch Maker' with 17.10 per cent and 'Machine Operator/Machinist' with 12.48 per cent of the workers.
2.7 TRENDS IN COMPOSITION OF WORK-FORCE BY SEX AND AGE AND
SYSTEM OF WAGE PAYAMENT
The trend in composition of the work-force by sex and age and system of wage payment is presented in Table 2.6. The overall employment has recorded a decreasing trend in the 6th round of OWS in Ship Building industry, Locomotives industry, Bicycles and Rickshaws, Aircrafts industry, Refrigerators and Air Conditioners industry, TV and Teleprinters industry and Watches and Clocks industry whereas it has shown an increasing trend in Motor Vehicles, Motor Cycles/Scooters and Computers industries. The proportion of men workers has recorded significant increase in TV and Teleprinters, Computers and Watches & Clocks industries, in the 6th round over 5th round whereas, it has remained more or less the same in the remaining Ten Engineering Industries. The proportion of women workers has shown an increasing trend in Locomotives, Motor Vehicles and Bicycles and Rickshaws industries. However, the percentage of women workers has shown a decreasing trend in Ship Building, Motor Cycles/Scooters, Refrigerators and Air Conditioners, TV and Teleprinters, Computers and Watches & Clocks industries. The proportion of time-rated workers has increased during 6th round over 5th round in Locomotives, Bicycles and Rickshaws industries whereas it has declined slightly in Motor Vehicles, Motor Cycles/Scooters, Refrigerators and Air Conditioners and Watches & Clocks industries. The increase in the proportion of time-rated workers was marked by corresponding decrease in the proportion of piece-rated workers and vice-versa.
2.8 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF WORK-FORCE BY OCCUPATION AND SEX AND AGE
The percentage distribution of workers by occupations and sex and age is given in Table 2.7. Out of total 40 occupations reported in Ship Building industry, 3 occupations had reported employment of women workers of which 'Sweeper' occupation reported the highest percentage i.e. 14.81 per cent women workers in the occupation. In Locomotives industry, out of 53 occupations reported, women workers were employed in 4 occupations, with 18.75 per cent women workers in 'Core Maker' occupation. In Motor Vehicles industry, out of 46 occupations, women workers were employed in 10 occupations with the highest i.e. 55.60 per cent in 'Polisher' followed by 29.37 per cent in 'Assembler' occupations respectively. In Motor Cycles/Scooters industry, out of 47 occupations reported, women workers were employed in only 13 occupations with the highest i.e. 13.91 per cent women workers in 'Mechanic (General)' occupation. In Bicycles and Rickshaws industry, out of 46 occupations reported, women workers were employed in 6 occupations with 42.00 per cent and 29.03 per cent women workers in the occupations of 'Coolie/Mazdoor' and 'Filer' respectively. Only men workers were employed in Aircrafts industry. In Refrigerators and Air Conditioners industry, out of total 40 occupations, women workers were employed in 3 occupations with 20.19 per cent women workers in 'sweeper' occupation. In TV and Teleprinters industry, out of total 41 occupations, 14 occupations employed women workers with 67.15 per cent and 51.85 per cent in 'Assembler' and 'Examiner Grade-II' occupations respectively. Out of total 45 occupations reported in Computer industry, women workers were employed in 15 occupations with all women workers in 'Wireman', 80.64 per cent in 'Instrument Fitter', 64.52 per cent in 'Trouble Shooter', 64.36 per cent in 'Technician', 60.98 per cent in 'Assembler' and 60.17 per cent in 'Checker' occupation respectively. Out of total 38 occupations reported in Watches & Clocks industry, women workers employed in 16 occupations with 96.55 per cent in 'Soldering Operator', 69.46 per cent in 'Moulder Plastic', 50.27 per cent in 'Assembler' and 45.90 per cent in 'Checker' occupations respectively.
2.9 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPTIONS BY THE SYSTEM OF WAGE PAYMENT
The percentage distribution of workers in different occupations by system of wage payment is shown in Table 2.8. It is observed that in Ten Engineering industries the piece-rated workers were employed in five industries, namely, Motor Vehicles, Motor Cycles/Scooters, Bicycles and Rickshaws, Refrigerators and Air Conditioners and Watches & Clocks industries. Piece-rated workers were reported in 4 occupations each in Motor Vehicles and Refrigerators and Air Conditioners, 5 occupations in Motor Cycles/Scooters, and 1 occupation each in Bicycles and Rickshaws and Watches & Clocks. In Motor Vehicles industry, the proportion of the piece-rated workers was the highest in 'Driller' occupation i.e. 6.54 per cent, followed by 'Milling Machine Operator' i.e. 2.11 per cent. In Motor Cycles/Scooters industry, 24.89 per cent workers in 'Moulder' occupation and 13.88 per cent workers in 'Turner' occupation were piece-rated. In Bicycles and Rickshaws industry, the only occupation of 'Machine Operator/Machinist' reported the employment of 34.62 per cent piece-rated workers. In Refrigerators and Air Conditioners industry, the occupation of 'Insulator' employed 50.00 per cent piece-rated workers. In Watches & Clocks industry, the only occupation of 'Operator' reported employment of 2.76 per cent piece-rated workers and 97.24 per cent time-rated workers.