Labour Bureau Government of India

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CHAPTER-IV

EMPLOYMENT

     Data on salient features of labour force employed in manufacturing industries in Sample Sector during the year 2000-01 has been analysed in this Chapter. These include analysis of employment by industries, employment by states, employment through contractors and mandays worked in the Public, Joint and the Private Sectors.

4.1 Total Work Force

     The state-wise and industry-wise break-up of employment during the year 2000-01 has been presented in the Tables 4.1.1 and 4.1.2, respectively. The employment figures include workers employed directly by the employers and also engaged through contractors. The average daily employment of workers has been worked out as the ratio of mandays worked to the number of working days at the unit level. During the year 2000-01, the total labour force in the Sample Sector establishments has been estimated to be about 2.47 millions. Female workers constituted 14.20 percent while children constituted just 0.02 percent of the total work force during the year.

4.2  Employment in Sectors by States

     Table 4.1.1 presents state-wise and sector-wise employment in Sample Sector during the year 2000-01. At the all India level, the contribution of Public Sector, Joint Sector and Private Sector was 1.28 percent, 1.40 percent 97.33 percent, respectively, of the total employment in factory sector. At the State level, Private Sector was the major source of employment as its contribution to the total employment in States varied from a minimum of 89.38 percent in Himachal Pradesh to a maximum of 99.87 percent in Delhi.  Contribution of the Public Sector ranged from a mere 0.02 percent of the total employment in Delhi to a maximum of 6.99 percent in Jammu & Kashmir. The share of Joint Sector in total employment ranged between the highest of 5.20 percent in Kerala and lowest of almost nil percent in Gujarat in factory sector.

4.3  Employment in Sectors by Industries

     Table 4.1.2 presents Industry-wise and Sector-wise employment in Sample Sector during the year 2000-01. Out of a total of 62 industry groups, Private Sector made a significant contribution by providing more than 90 percent of total employment in respective industry groups in 60 industry groups. Contribution of Private Sector in providing employment ranged between a minimum of 56.11 percent in industry group ‘232-Manufacture of refined petroleum products‘ to a maximum of 100 percent in atleast 9 industry groups viz.,  '142–Mining and quarrying n.e.c.’, '182–Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of articles of fur‘, '223–Reproduce of recorded media‘, '243–Manufacture of man-made fibers‘, ‘314-Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries‘, '341–Manufacture of motor vehicles‘, ‘343-Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles and their engines‘, '352-Manufacture of railway and tramway locomotives and rolling stock', and '371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap‘. Contribution of Public Sector in employment generation was the maximum at 10.81 percent in industry group '152–Manufacture of dairy products’ followed by industry group ‘232-Manufacture of refined petroleum products‘ (10.51 percent). The contribution of the Joint Sector in total employment was more than 15 percent only in two industries groups, viz., '232–Manufacture of refined petroleum products‘ (33.38 percent) and '152–Manufacture of dairy products’ (17.63 percent).

4.4           Employment in States

It may be seen from the Table 4.1.1 that just four states, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu accounted for more than 50 percent of the total employment in the factory sector during the year 2000-01. Tamil Nadu accounted for the highest employment (18.46 percent) followed by Maharashtra (12.67 percent), Gujarat (10.27 percent) and Andhra Pradesh (10.07 percent). Minimum contribution in employment was reported from Chandigarh (0.15 percent) followed by Jammu & Kashmir (0.25 percent) and Uttaranchal (0.37 percent).

The highest percentage of employment of woman workers was reported in Kerala (41.77 percent) followed by Tamil Nadu (34.68 percent) and Karnataka (26.62 percent). Out of 26 States/Union Territories, only 7 States/Union Territories reported employment of woman workers more than the national average of 14.20 percent.  Employment of children was reported only in ten States viz., Assam, Punjab, Uttaranchal, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Daman & Diu, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

4.5           Employment in Industries

It is observed from the Table 4.1.2 that out of 62 industries groups, just 9 industry groups, viz., 014, 153, 154, 171, 181, 242, 252, 269 and 289, accounted for more than 50 percent of the total employment in Sample Sector.  The highest contribution to the total employment was made by the industry group '171–Spinning weaving and finishing of textiles (9.98 percent), followed by industry group '153–Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products, and prepared animal feeds‘ (8.60 percent). On the other hand, the lowest contribution of 0.01 percent in total employment was reported in industry group '371-Recycling metal waste and scrap‘, followed by industry groups '223-Reproduction of recorded media' (0.02 percent) and '243-manufacture of man-made fibres' (0.02 percent).

The highest percentage of employment of woman workers in respective industry group was reported in industry group ‘182-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of articles of fur‘ (75.10 percent), followed by industry groups ‘181–Manufacture of wearing apparel except fur apparel' (51.10 percent) and '154-manufacture of other food products' (33.21 percent).  Three industry groups, viz ‘142-Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.‘, ‘342-Manufacturing of bodies (coach work) for motor vehicles, manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers’ and ‘351-Building and repair of ships and boats’ did not employ any woman workers.

Employment of child workers was reported, only in 9 industry groups. The highest percentage of child worker to total workers in the industry groups was reported at 0.17 percent in two industry groups ‘252- Manufacture of Plastic Products and ‘369-Manufacturing n.e.c.', followed by industry groups ‘271-Manufacture of basic iron and steel’ (0.14 percent), and ’315-Manufacture of electric lamps and lighting equipment’ (0.13 percent). Negligible percentage of child workers was reported in the industry groups, '153–Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products, and prepared animal feeds' and ’171-Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles'.

4.6  Employment of Contract Workers by States

Sector-wise employment of contract workers in different States is presented in Table 4.2.1.  It is observed that at all India level, about 19.92 percent of the total work force were employed through contractors.  The practice of employing workers through contractors was more prevalent in the Private Sector, wherein, 20.04 percent of the workers were employed through contractors. In Public Sector, 19.65 percent workers were employed through contractors, while in the Joint Sector, only 11.86 percent of the workers were employed through contractors.  Among States, Bihar employed highest percentage of contract workers (52.78 percent), followed by Haryana (37.98 percent) and Uttar Pradesh (28.69 percent).  The lowest percentage of contract workers was employed in Chandigarh (0.11 percent), followed by Kerala (5.37 percent) and Jharkhand (6.36 percent).  At all India level, around 97.91 percent of the total contract workers were employed in Private Sector, whereas, only 1.23 percent were employed in Public Sector and remaining 0.83 percent in Joint Sector.

4.7  Employment of Contract Workers by Industries

     The Industry-wise employment of contract workers is shown in Table 4.2.2.  It is observed that the percentage of contract workers to total workers was highest at 46.19 percent in the industry group ‘192-Manufacture of footwear‘, followed by industry group ‘281-Manufacture of structural metal products, tanks, reservoir and steam generators‘ (45.60 percent). The industry group ‘353-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft‘ did not employ any contract worker, whereas, the industry group ‘371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap‘ employed only 0.43 percent of workers on contract basis.

4.8  Mandays Worked by Sectors

State-wise, Industry-wise and Sector-wise statistics on total number of mandays worked and the percentage of mandays worked by category of workers during the year 2000-01 are presented in Tables 4.3.1 and 4.3.2.  The mandays worked have been obtained by summing up the attendance of all workers working in each shift on all working days for both manufacturing and non-manufacturing working days.  It may be seen that in Sample Sector, all the workers worked a total of 701.17 million mandays during the year 2000-01.  It may be noticed that mandays worked followed almost the same pattern as that of the employment. At all India level, like employment, Private Sector accounted for 97.39 percent of the total mandays worked, Joint Sector contributed 1.32 percent of the mandays worked while the remaining 1.29 percent of the mandays were worked in Public Sector.

4.9  Mandays Worked by States

     Among States, Tamil Nadu accounted for the highest percentage (19.30 percent) of mandays worked to total mandays worked, followed by Maharashtra (13.09 percent), Gujarat (10.50 percent) and Andhra Pradesh (9.48 percent). These four States, like employment, contributed more than 50 percent of the total mandays worked in the Sample Sector during 2000-01. Chandigarh contributed just 0.16 percent of the total mandays worked in the Sample Sector. 

4.10    Mandays Worked by Industries

Among Industries, the highest percentage of mandays worked to the total mandays worked in the Sample Sector was reported in the industry group '171–Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles‘ (10.51 percent), followed by industry groups ‘153-Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products and prepared animal feeds' (7.53 percent) and ‘242-Manufacture of other chemical products‘ (7.09 percent).  The industry group '371-Recycling of metal waste and scrap‘ accounted for just 0.01 percent of the total mandays worked in the Sample Sector during the year 2000-01.

TABLES